Un estudio exploratorio sobre el impacto de la Inteligencia Artificial en estudiantes preuniversitarios
Resumen
La irrupción de herramientas basadas en Inteligencia Artificial (adelante, IA), como ChatGPT, está transformando los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje, especialmente entre estudiantes preuniversitarios. Este estudio exploratorio analiza el impacto del uso de ChatGPT en el aprendizaje de estudiantes de bachillerato en un colegio concertado de Madrid. Participaron 80 estudiantes con edades entre 15 y 18 años, a quienes se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc con enfoque mixto. Se utilizaron métodos cuantitativos (análisis descriptivos, correlación de Spearman, prueba t de Student, Chi-cuadrado) y cualitativos (codificación temática mediante Atlas.ti). Los resultados evidencian una alta adopción de ChatGPT (93,75 %), con percepciones positivas sobre su utilidad para tareas escolares y comprensión de conceptos complejos. Asimismo, se identificaron diferencias significativas en las actitudes hacia la herramienta según el género y en la percepción de mejora en el aprendizaje. El análisis cualitativo reveló beneficios como eficiencia, personalización y accesibilidad, aunque también limitaciones como dependencia excesiva y precisión variable. Se concluye que ChatGPT puede ser un recurso valioso si se emplea de manera crítica, ética y complementaria a los métodos tradicionales, y se destaca la importancia de formar al estudiantado en un uso reflexivo de la IA.
Citas
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